![]() The principal justification for NATO is contained within Article Five of the North Atlantic Treaty, in which an attack on one is interpreted as an attack upon all, ensuring collective security. By contrast, NATO is an organisation based entirely upon security concerns. This was later abandoned when the Treaty of Lisbon came into force in 2009, and the EU obtained a legal personality. These pillars consisted of the European Communities, the Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) and cooperation in the field of Justice and Home Affairs. As a result of the Maastricht Treaty, the EU adopted three separate pillars. The creation of the European Union in 1993 was emblematic of regionalism. For instance, the United Kingdom was drawn towards the European project partly due to the relative economic success of the EEC. ![]() The economic success of the organisation in its early years managed to attract countries around it who soon sought membership. The whole justification for the EEC was to enhance economic growth and development within the European continent. The European Economic Community (EEC), the forebearer to the EU, is a clear example of economic regionalism. The driving forces behind regionalism can derive from economic, security and/or political grounds. However, it could also be argued that regional free trade agreements function contrarily, against the process of globalisation. As borders have become more porous, states have sought to co-operate more closely in order to deal with the consequences of interdependence. The formation of regional blocs has often been driven by the growing impact of economic globalisation. This may provide a forum for cooperation between various states. It should be recognised that regionalism is the process through which larger geographical or even continental areas emerge as political organisations through integrated international institutions. For instance, the depth of integration within the Arab League or the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) is considerably weaker than the EU. There are a wide number of regional organisations to consider with varying levels of integration. It is combined with the creation and implementation of institutions that manifest regional identity and shape activity within that particular region. Regionalism can be defined in the context of international relations as the expression of a shared identity and purpose. The chapter also considers the significance of the EU as an actor on the global stage, before concluding with the manner and extent to which regionalism attempts to resolve issues such as the avoidance of conflict.ĭifferent Modes of Regionalism: Economic, Political and Security A primary focus will centre on the European Union (EU), an organisation which continues to provide something of a blueprint for deeper integration. This chapter seeks to analyse the causes of regionalism, evaluate its relationship with globalisation and outline the development of regional organisations. This final chapter examines the magnitude of regionalism as a force within global politics. You can download the book free of charge from E-International Relations. This is an excerpt from Understanding Global Politics by Kevin Bloor.
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